1. Avoid only adding oil without changing it

機油在柴油機的使用中是必不可少的，主要起潤滑、清潔等作用。因此，很多駕駛員都會注意檢查潤滑油的油量，并按標準添加，但是卻忽視了潤滑油質量的檢查和對已經變質機油的更換，導致一些發動機的運動機件總是在較差的潤滑環境中運轉，從而加速各機件的磨損。在正常情況下機油的損耗并不大，但是卻很容易污染，從而失去保護柴油機的作用。在柴油機運轉過程中，許多污物(燃油不完全燃燒生成的碳煙、積炭和積垢等)都會進入到機油中。對于新的或大修后的機械，試運轉之后雜質會更多，如果只加不換就急于投入使用，很容易引起燒瓦、抱軸等意外事故。另外，即使更換機油，某些駕駛員由于缺乏維修經驗或者圖省事，也會在更換時不完全清洗油道，使機械雜質仍然殘留在油底殼及油路中。

Engine oil is essential in the use of diesel engine, mainly for lubrication and cleaning. Therefore, many drivers pay attention to check the oil quantity of lubricating oil and add it according to the standard, but ignore the inspection of lubricating oil quality and the replacement of deteriorated oil, resulting in some moving parts of the engine always running in a poor lubrication environment, so as to accelerate the wear of various parts. Under normal circumstances, the loss of engine oil is not large, but it is easy to pollute, thus losing the role of protecting the diesel engine. During the operation of diesel engine, a lot of dirt (soot, carbon and dirt generated by incomplete combustion of fuel) will enter the engine oil. For new or overhauled machinery, there will be more impurities after commissioning. If it is only added but not replaced, it is eager to be put into use, which is easy to cause accidents such as tile burning and shaft holding. In addition, even if the engine oil is changed, some drivers will not completely clean the oil passage during replacement due to lack of maintenance experience or easy work, so that mechanical impurities remain in the oil pan and oil circuit.

2、忌黃油亂用亂涂

2. Do not use butter indiscriminately

黃油是工程機械修理中常用的潤滑脂，可起到潤滑和密封的作用。因此，有些修理工在安裝汽缸墊時，就會在汽缸墊上涂上一層黃油，認為這樣可以增加柴油機的密封性。但這樣做反而影響了柴油機的工作性能。汽缸墊是柴油機缸體與缸蓋之間重要的密封件，它不但能密封汽缸內所產生的高溫高壓氣體，而且還能密封汽缸蓋和缸體內的水和潤滑油，所以在拆裝汽缸墊時，都要特別注意它的密封質量。如果安裝時在汽缸墊上涂黃油，當汽缸蓋螺栓擰緊時，一部分黃油就會被擠壓到汽缸水道和油道中，留在缸墊間的黃油在汽缸工作時，由于受高溫影響，一部分會流入汽缸燃燒，另一部分則殘留在缸體與缸蓋的結合面上，使缸墊、缸蓋與機體平面之間產生空隙，高溫高壓燃氣很容易從此處沖擊汽缸墊，毀壞缸墊，造成漏氣。另外就是輪胎螺母黃油，因為輪胎螺母擰緊后，螺紋間就具有自鎖的特征。這是由于螺紋螺旋角小于螺紋間的當量摩擦角的緣故。給定的螺栓聯接中，螺旋升角是一定值，而當量摩擦角則隨螺紋間的摩擦狀態而變。顯然，涂油后螺紋間的當量摩擦角減小，螺栓聯接的自鎖性能變差。因此在輪胎的螺栓和螺母上不要涂潤滑脂或滴上潤滑油。這樣做，反而會使螺母松動，甚至釀成事故。

Grease is commonly used in the repair of construction machinery, which can play the role of lubrication and sealing. Therefore, some repairmen will apply a layer of grease on the cylinder gasket when installing the cylinder gasket, believing that this can increase the tightness of the diesel engine. However, this will affect the working performance of the diesel engine. Cylinder gasket is an important seal between diesel engine cylinder block and cylinder head. It can not only seal the high-temperature and high-pressure gas generated in the cylinder, but also seal the water and lubricating oil in the cylinder head and cylinder body. Therefore, special attention should be paid to its sealing quality when disassembling the cylinder gasket. If the cylinder gasket is coated with butter during installation, when the cylinder head bolts are tightened, part of the butter will be squeezed into the cylinder water channel and oil channel. When the cylinder is working, due to the influence of high temperature, part of the butter left between the cylinder gasket will flow into the cylinder for combustion, and the other part will remain on the joint surface of the cylinder block and cylinder head, resulting in a gap between the cylinder gasket, cylinder head and engine body plane, High temperature and high pressure gas can easily impact the cylinder gasket from here, destroy the cylinder gasket and cause air leakage. The other is the tire nut butter, because after the tire nut is tightened, the threads have the feature of self-locking. This is because the helix angle of the thread is less than the equivalent friction angle between the threads. In a given bolt connection, the spiral rise angle is a certain value, and the equivalent friction angle changes with the friction state between threads. Obviously, the equivalent friction angle between threads decreases after oiling, and the self-locking performance of bolt connection becomes worse. Therefore, do not apply grease or drop lubricating oil on the bolts and nuts of the tire. Doing so will loosen the nut and even cause accidents.

3、忌缸套和活塞新品不經選配即安裝

3. Do not install new cylinder liners and pistons without selection

在換裝汽缸套和活塞時，認為新的汽缸套和活塞都是標準件，都具有互換性，裝上去就可以使用了。實際上，汽缸套與活塞的尺寸都有一定的公差范圍。如把大尺寸的汽缸套配上小尺寸的活塞，會使配合間隙過大，造成壓縮無力，啟動困難。因此，換裝時須檢查標準缸套與活塞的尺寸分組代號，裝用的缸套和活塞須使標準活塞的尺寸分組代號與標準缸套的尺寸分組代號相同，只有這樣才能保證兩者之間具有標準的配合間隙。另外，各缸裝用同一分組代號的缸套和活塞的同時，還要注意裝前檢驗缸塞間隙，為了保證裝配標準，在裝機前還應進行一次檢測，以防裝上假冒偽劣的殘次產品。

When replacing the cylinder liner and piston, it is considered that the new cylinder liner and piston are standard parts and interchangeable, so they can be used after installation. In fact, the dimensions of cylinder liner and piston have a certain tolerance range. If the large cylinder liner is matched with the small piston, the matching clearance will be too large, resulting in weak compression and difficult start. Therefore, the size grouping code of standard cylinder liner and piston must be checked during replacement. The installed cylinder liner and piston must make the size grouping code of standard piston the same as that of standard cylinder liner. Only in this way can we ensure that there is a standard fit clearance between them. In addition, while installing cylinder liners and pistons with the same group code, pay attention to the inspection of cylinder plug clearance before installation. In order to ensure the assembly standard, a test shall be carried out before installation to prevent the installation of fake and inferior defective products.

4、忌不檢查柱塞行程余量

4. Do not check the plunger stroke allowance

在柱塞式噴油泵的調試中，很多的維修人員不注意檢查柱塞的行程余量。所謂柱塞的行程余量，是指柱塞被凸輪軸上的凸輪頂至上止點后，還能繼續上行的移動量。調好供油開始時間后，之所以還要檢查行程余量，是因為柱塞的行程余量與柱塞、套筒的磨損有關。柱塞與套筒磨損后，柱塞要往上多運動一段才能開始供油，從而使供油開始時間推遲。當擰出調整螺栓或換用較厚的調整墊塊、墊片后，柱塞的較低位置上移，使柱塞的行程余量減小。所以，在維修調試噴油泵時，首先應檢查此行程余量，以判定噴油泵是否還允許調整。檢查時，應根據噴油泵的不同結構采用下述不同方法：a)轉動凸輪軸，將柱塞頂至上止點后，拆下出油閥及閥座，用深游標尺測量。

In the commissioning of plunger fuel injection pump, many maintenance personnel do not pay attention to checking the stroke margin of plunger. The so-called stroke margin of the plunger refers to the amount of upward movement of the plunger after it is pushed to the top dead center by the cam on the camshaft. After adjusting the oil supply start time, the reason why the travel allowance should be checked is that the travel allowance of the plunger is related to the wear of the plunger and sleeve. After the plunger and sleeve are worn, the plunger needs to move upward for a long time to start oil supply, so as to delay the start time of oil supply. When the adjusting bolt is screwed out or the thicker adjusting cushion block and gasket are replaced, the lower position of the plunger moves upward to reduce the stroke allowance of the plunger. Therefore, when maintaining and debugging the fuel injection pump, first check the stroke margin to determine whether the fuel injection pump is still allowed to be adjusted. During inspection, the following methods shall be adopted according to different structures of the fuel injection pump: a) rotate the camshaft, push the plunger to the top dead center, remove the oil outlet valve and valve seat, and measure with a deep travel ruler.

5、忌汽缸間隙測量不準

5. Avoid inaccurate cylinder clearance measurement

在測量汽缸間隙時，未能在活塞裙部垂直于活塞銷孔的方向測量，而在其它方向測量。鋁合金活塞的結構特點是上小下大，為一錐體，且局部斷面為橢圓形，所以沿圓周方向的氣缸間隙并不相等。測量時，規定以橢圓長軸方向的間隙為準，即測量活塞裙部垂直于活塞銷孔方向的間隙。這樣測量比較方便、準確，而且在往復運動中，活塞裙部垂直于活塞銷孔的方向因受側向壓力的作用而磨損較大，所以，測量汽缸間隙時，應在活塞裙部垂直于活塞銷孔的方向測量。

When measuring the cylinder clearance, it cannot be measured in the direction of the piston skirt perpendicular to the piston pin hole, but in other directions. The structural feature of aluminum alloy piston is that the upper part is small and the lower part is large, which is a cone, and the local section is oval, so the cylinder clearance along the circumferential direction is not equal. During measurement, the clearance in the direction of the long axis of the ellipse shall prevail, that is, the clearance of the piston skirt perpendicular to the piston pin hole shall be measured. This measurement is more convenient and accurate, and in reciprocating motion, the direction of the piston skirt perpendicular to the piston pin hole is greatly worn due to the action of lateral pressure. Therefore, when measuring the cylinder clearance, it should be measured in the direction of the piston skirt perpendicular to the piston pin hole.

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